ParallelCheese

Vaccine

2005-10-16T06:25:00.000-07:00

A vaccine can confer active immunity against a specific harmful agent by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent. Once stimulated by a vaccine, the antibody-producing cells, called B lymphocytes,

2005-10-16T06:20:00.000-07:00

Davenport, Thomas

2005-07-27T09:25:00.000-07:00

A blacksmith in Brandon, Vt., Davenport began experimenting with electromagnets after observing one in use at an ironworks in Crown Point, N.Y., in 1831. By 1834 he had

Xenophon

2005-07-25T14:40:00.000-07:00

Born of a well-to-do Athenian family, Xenophon grew up during the great war between Athens and Sparta (431–404 BC) and served in the elite force of Athenian cavalry. He and his well-to-do contemporaries sat at the feet of Socrates, were critical of the extreme form of democracy under which they lived, and sympathized with the right-wing revolutionaries who seized power for short

Hohenlohe-ingelfingen, Kraft, Prinz Zu

2005-07-23T03:25:00.000-07:00

The son of Adolf, Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, he joined the Prussian Guard Artillery in 1845. During the Seven Weeks' War, Hohenlohe led the Guard Reserve Artillery with great success against the Austrian right wing in the decisive Prussian victory of Königgr

Soto, Hernando De

2005-07-06T05:20:00.000-07:00

Hernando also spelled Fernando Spanish explorer and conquistador who participated in the conquests of Central America and Peru and, in the course of exploring what was to become the southeastern United States, discovered the Mississippi River.

Anna

2005-06-29T05:25:00.000-07:00

A niece of Empress Anna (reigned 1730–40), Anna Leopoldovna married a nephew of the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI in 1739 and gave birth to a son, Ivan (Aug. 2 [Aug. 13], 1740), who was named heir to the Russian throne by Empress Anna in 1740, shortly before she

Red River

2005-06-15T22:35:00.000-07:00

Also called Red River Of The South, navigable river rising in the high plains of eastern New Mexico, U.S., and flowing southeast across Texas and Louisiana to a point northwest of Baton Rouge, where it enters the Atchafalaya River (q.v.), which flows south to Atchafalaya Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Until the mid-20th century, the Red River contributed flow to both the Atchafalaya and, via the Old River, the Mississippi.

Zambezi River, Physiography

2005-06-03T07:25:00.000-07:00

The Zambezi rises out of a marshy bog near Kalene Hill, Zambia, about 4,800 feet (1,460 metres) above sea level, and flows some 20 miles before entering Angola, through which it runs for more than 175 miles. In this first section of its course, the river is met by more than a dozen tributaries of varying sizes. Shortly after reentering Zambia, the river flows over the Chavuma Falls and enters

Backhuysen, Ludolf

2005-06-01T01:50:00.000-07:00

Backhuysen studied under the Dutch painters Allart van Everdingen and Hendrik Dubbels. His numerous compositions are nearly all variations of marine themes, in a style peculiarly his own, marked by intense realism. In his later years Backhuysen employed his time in etching

Muri

2005-05-17T17:00:00.000-07:00

Town and traditional emirate, northwestern Taraba state, eastern Nigeria. Originally part of the 17th-century Jukun kingdom called Kororofa, the region now known as Muri emirate was conquered in the 1804 jihad (holy war) conducted by the Fulani people. By 1817 Hamman Ruwa, a brother of the emir of Gombe, an emirate to the north, had consolidated Fulani control over the non-Muslim

Probus, Marcus Aurelius

2005-05-15T22:40:00.000-07:00

The son of a Balkan military officer, Probus served with distinction in the army and apparently was eastern praetorian prefect when his troops proclaimed him emperor in opposition to Florian, who was soon killed by his own men. Probus' reign was spent in continual frontier warfare against hostile tribes on the Rhine and Danube, complicated

Málaga

2005-05-13T20:35:00.000-07:00

Port city and capital of Málaga provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies along a wide bay of the Mediterranean Sea at the mouth of the Guadalmedina River in the centre of the Costa del Sol. It was founded by the Phoenicians in the 12th century BC, conquered successively by the Romans and the Visigoths, and taken by the

Nizam-i Cedid

2005-03-15T13:54:00.000-08:00

In 1792 - 93 Selim III, assisted by a committee, promulgated a series of reforms that included new regulations on provincial governorships and taxation, on land

Earth, Subduction zones

2005-03-14T20:03:00.000-08:00

It has been pointed out that, in comparison to magnetic and seismological studies, gravity measurements played only a secondary role in establishing the plate-tectonic theory in the 1960s. On the other hand, as early as 1929 the Dutch geophysicist Felix A. Vening Meinesz had shown that some of the most spectacular negative gravity anomalies on Earth are associated with oceanic

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

2005-03-11T14:49:00.000-08:00

Rare inherited metabolic disease in which the lack of a key enzyme causes loss of the protective myelin sheath from the white matter of the brain, resulting in psychological disturbances, mental deterioration, and sensory and motor defects. The absence of the enzyme cerebroside sulfatase (arylsulfatase A) allows certain specialized lipids (sphingolipids) to

China, Religious beliefs and social organization

2005-03-07T13:24:00.000-08:00

The inhabitants of Neolithic China were, by the 5th millennium if not earlier, remarkably assiduous in the attention they paid to the disposition and commemoration of their dead. There was a consistency of orientation and posture, with the dead of the northwest given a westerly orientation and those of the east an easterly one. The dead were segregated, frequently

Istihsan

2005-03-06T21:27:00.000-08:00

(Arabic: �to approve,� or �to sanction�), among Muslim theologians, the use of one's own judgment to determine the best solution to a religious problem that cannot be solved by citing sacred texts. This approach to religious problems found special application as Islam spread to new lands and encountered new environments. Proponents of istihsan believe Muhammad sanctioned

Ouv�a Island

2005-03-05T03:33:00.000-08:00

French ��le Uv�a�, also called �Urea� or �Uea � northernmost of the Loyalty Islands, an island group within the French overseas territory of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Ouv�a is a crescent-shaped atoll, 30 miles (50 km) long and 4.5 miles (7 km) wide, with a total area of 51 square miles (132 square km). The most fertile of the group, it is wooded and exports copra. Faiau� (Fayaou�), on the southeast coast, is the chief village and

Ibex

2005-03-04T10:20:00.000-08:00

Any of several surefooted, sturdy wild goats of the genus Capra, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), found in the mountains of Europe, Asia, and northeastern Africa. The European, or Alpine, ibex (C. ibex ibex) is typical. It stands about 90 cm (3 feet) at the shoulder and has brownish gray fur, darker on the underparts. The male has a beard and large, semicircular horns with broad, transversely

Upasampada

2005-03-04T06:13:00.000-08:00

A candidate for ordination must be at least 20 years old, have the permission of his parents, be exempt from military service, be free from debt and from contagious

Yala

2005-03-03T23:55:00.000-08:00

Town, extreme southern Thailand. Yala is a modern commercial centre on the Pattani River, which flows north into the Gulf of Thailand. The town is also located on the Bangkok-Singapore railway and the Pattani - George Town (Penang [Malaysia]) highway. The population includes Thai Muslims, Malay Muslims, and Chinese. The region is heavily planted in rubber. Nearby caves contain

Vyadhapura

2005-03-03T21:11:00.000-08:00

Its site is 120 miles (190 km) from the mouth of the

Sunflower

2005-03-02T23:48:00.000-08:00

Plant of the genus Helianthus of the family Asteraceae, native primarily to North and South America. The common sunflower is an annual herb with a rough hairy stem 1 - 4.5 m (3 - 15 feet) high, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves 7.5 - 30 cm (3 - 12 inches) long, and heads of flowers 7.5 - 15 cm wide in wild specimens and often 0.3 m or more in cultivated types. The disk flowers are brown, yellow,

Ch'eng Hao And Ch'eng I

2005-03-02T23:36:00.000-08:00

Ch'eng I also spelled �(Wade - Giles romanization) Ch'eng Yi, �Pinyin �Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi� brothers who developed Neo-Confucianism into an organized school of philosophy. Although their philosophies are usually considered together, their ideas developed in divergent directions. Ch'eng Hao influenced the Idealist school of Neo-Confucianism, while Ch'eng I influenced the development of the Rationalist school. Ch'eng

Ch'eng Hao And Ch'eng I

2005-03-01T11:57:00.000-08:00

Balboa

2005-03-01T01:40:00.000-08:00

Pacific terminal port in central Panama, at the southern end of the Panama Canal. It lies between the canal docks and Anc�n Hill, which separates it from Panama City. Founded in 1914 and named for Vasco N��ez de Balboa, European discoverer of the Pacific, it has extensive harbour installations, drydocks, marine and railroad repair shops, warehouses, and a coaling plant. Balboa

Levita, Elijah Bokher

2005-02-28T11:33:00.000-08:00

Levita went to Italy early in life and in 1504 settled at Padua. There he wrote a manual of Hebrew (1508) that was appropriated by his transcriber,

Botanical Garden

2005-02-28T00:33:00.000-08:00

German �Botanischer Garten, � botanical garden founded in 1914 by the German botanist Karl von Goebel in Munich. The garden's vast array of greenhouses, completed in 1958, includes 17 for display and 8 for service functions. The palm house is particularly notable. Other significant greenhouse collections are composed of alpine plants, insectivorous plants, cacti, African succulents, Crassula, and Mesembryanthemeae.

Biblical Literature, Books of ordinances

2005-02-27T07:52:00.000-08:00

Other books of ordinances of the sect have been preserved, containing prescriptions and other material. Three such compositions are written on one scroll: the Manual of Discipline, the Rule of the Congregation, and the manual of Benedictions. The Manual of Discipline is the rule (or statement of regulations) of the Essene community; the most important part of this

Yuma Desert

2005-02-27T06:58:00.000-08:00

The Yuma Desert is a region of low sandy plains and dunes. The area is nearly barren,

China, Trends in the arts

2005-02-26T08:51:00.000-08:00

In literature the greatest glory of the T'ang period was its poetry. By the 8th century poets had broken away from the artificial diction and matter of the court poetry of the southern dynasties and achieved a new directness and naturalism. The reign of Hs�an-tsung (712 - 756) - known as Ming-huang, the Brilliant Emperor - was the time of the great figures of Li Po, Wang Wei, and Tu Fu. The

Bienville, Jean-baptiste Le Moyne De

2005-02-26T03:09:00.000-08:00

Jean-Baptiste was the eighth son of Canadian pioneer Charles Le Moyne. He entered the French navy at age 12 and served with his noted elder brother, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, in naval engagements (1696 - 97) in Hudson Bay and the North Atlantic during

Swallowtail Butterfly

2005-02-25T14:50:00.000-08:00

Any member of the insect subfamily Papilioninae of the cosmopolitan family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera). The swallowtail butterflies (Papilio), found worldwide except in the Arctic, are named for the characteristic taillike extensions of the hindwings, although many species are tailless. Colour patterns vary; many species have yellow,

Reformatory

2005-02-25T00:13:00.000-08:00

Correctional institution for the treatment, training, and social rehabilitation of youth. Institutions designated as reformatories are of two general types: residential training schools for school-age delinquents and facilities for the confinement of youthful offenders between the ages of 16 and 25 who have been convicted of criminal acts. The early reformatories,

Heterochlorid

2005-02-24T16:35:00.000-08:00

Any protozoan of the plantlike flagellate order Heterochlorida. Heterochlorids have two flagella of unequal length and chromatophores whose pigments vary from yellow to yellow-green. Food reserves are stored as leucosin (probably a carbohydrate) and lipids. Some genera may be amoeboid during part of the life cycle; others may include a palmella stage, a condition

Mola Di Bari

2005-02-24T02:51:00.000-08:00

Town, Bari provincia, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southern Italy. In the European Middle Ages it was an embarkation point for the crusaders, and it has a 13th-century cathedral of Renaissance reconstruction. A fishing port and bathing resort, the modern town has tanneries and soap and button factories. Pop. (1989 est.) mun., 26,942.

Tyrrell, Lake

2005-02-23T13:52:00.000-08:00

Shallow, salt-crusted depression of 70 sq mi (180 sq km), in the Mallee district, northwestern Victoria, Australia, 195 mi (314 km) northwest of Melbourne. Usually dry, it is occasionally fed by Tyrrell Creek. An extraction plant at Sea Lake, a town on the lake's south shore, harvests the salt deposits. The lake was visited (1838) by Edward Eyre, who was seeking new grazing lands, and was named after

'ayn

2005-02-23T07:22:00.000-08:00

Many a'yan during the 17th century acquired lifelong leases on tax farms and prospered financially. During

Esquirol, Jean-�tienne-dominique

2005-02-22T19:47:00.000-08:00

A student of Philippe Pinel, Esquirol succeeded his distinguished teacher as physician in chief at the Salp�tri�re Hospital in Paris in 1811, further developing Pinel's diagnostic techniques and

Haratin

2005-02-22T15:22:00.000-08:00

Scholars speculate that the Haratin came into being as a result of ancient interbreeding between indigenous blacks and Indo-Europeans, possibly Berbers. In the 17th century they were forcibly recruited

Sacramento River

2005-02-21T07:59:00.000-08:00

River rising in the Klamath Mountains, near Mt. Shasta (in Siskiyou County), northern California, U.S., and flowing 382 mi (615 km) south-southwest between the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, through the northern section (Sacramento Valley) of the Central Valley; it forms a common delta with the San Joaquin River before entering the north arm of San Francisco Bay. Its principal

Gyarmati, Desz�

2005-02-21T02:37:00.000-08:00

Gyarmati's first Olympic appearance came at the 1948 Games in London,

Anger, Per Johan Valentin

2005-02-20T11:43:00.000-08:00

Swedish diplomat (b. Dec. 7, 1913, G�teborg, Swed. - d. Aug. 25, 2002, Stockholm, Swed.), helped save thousands of Hungarian Jews from being transported to Nazi death camps during World War II. Anger, a member of the Swedish legation in Budapest when the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944, set up safe houses around Budapest and issued temporary passports and identity cards that identified Jews as Swedes.

Economic Affairs

2005-02-20T04:09:00.000-08:00

The year 2002 was a strange, tumultuous one that held few moments of rest for weary investors and companies. The recession seemed to continue unabated; many sectors were rife with bankruptcies; and executives were hauled before judges and congressional investigators. (For the 10 Largest U.S. Bankruptcies Filed Since 1980, see Table.) Behind the chaos lurked the possibility of

Bone China

2005-02-19T08:49:00.000-08:00

Hybrid hard-paste porcelain containing bone ash. The initial development of bone china is attributed to Josiah Spode the Second, who introduced it around 1800. His basic formula of six parts bone ash, four parts china stone, and three and a half parts china clay remains the standard English body. Although hard porcelain is strong, it chips fairly easily and, unless specially

Lamballe, Marie-th�r�se-louise De Savoie-carignan, Princess (princesse) De

2005-02-19T07:07:00.000-08:00

The daughter of Prince Louis-Victor de Savoie-Carignan, she was married in 1767 to Louis-Alexandre-Stanislas de Bourbon, Prince de Lamballe,

Tulunid Dynasty

2005-02-18T23:11:00.000-08:00

First local dynasty of Egypt and Syria to exist independently of the 'Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, ruling 868 - 905. Its founder, Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turk, arrived in Egypt in 868 as vice governor and promptly (868 - 872) established a military and financial foothold in the province by organizing an independent Egyptian army and securing the management of the Egyptian and Syrian treasuries. Insufficient

R�mac

2005-02-18T20:30:00.000-08:00

Quarter and district of the Lima - Callao metropolitan area, north of central Lima, Peru. Created a district in 1921, the site was settled in early colonial days. The Puente de Piedras (�Bridge of Stone�) was built in 1610. Notable colonial landmarks include the promenade and Monastery of the Descalzos (Barefoot Brethren); a building claimed to be the Palace of �La Perricholi� (Micaela

Caxias Do Sul

2005-02-17T10:49:00.000-08:00

City, northeastern Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, lying at 2,490 ft (760 m) above sea level on the range of hills separating the Antas and Ca� river valleys. It was founded in 1875 by Italian colonists and given city status in 1910. Metallurgic industries and viticulture are the city's economic mainstays; the vineyards of the surrounding area are considered Brazil's best. The Universidade

Criminology, Typologies

2005-02-17T03:30:00.000-08:00

The typological method involves classifying offenses, criminals, criminal associations, criminal areas, or whatever according to some criteria of relatedness or similarity. Thus there have been attempts to dichotomize criminals as either �normal� or �abnormal,� �habitual� or �professional,� or to form a continuum of criminals from the �insane� at one extreme through

Niza, Marcos De

2005-02-16T16:43:00.000-08:00

Niza went to the Americas in 1531 and served in Peru, Guatemala, and Mexico. At Culiac�n, Mex., he freed Indian slaves from regions to the north. Under orders from the viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, Niza and a Moor, Esteban,

Sackville

2005-02-16T10:58:00.000-08:00

Town, Westmorland county, southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It lies near the Nova Scotia border, 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Moncton. Three French villages occupied the site about 1720, but these were destroyed with the capture of nearby Fort Beaus�jour (Fort Cumberland) and the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755. Resettled in 1761 by New England immigrants, the community was named after

Paneth's Cell

2005-02-15T14:11:00.000-08:00

Also called �Davidoff's Cell,� specialized type of epithelial cell found in the mucous-membrane lining of the small intestine and of the appendix, at the base of tubelike depressions known as Lieberk�hn glands. Named for the 19th-century Austrian physiologist Joseph Paneth, the cell has one nucleus at its base and densely packed secretory granules throughout the rest of its body. The cells' function

Novial

2005-02-14T17:33:00.000-08:00

Artificial language constructed in 1928 by the Danish philologist Otto Jespersen, intended for use as an international auxiliary language, but little used today. Its grammar is similar in type to that of Esperanto or Ido. Novial has one definite article, no gender for nouns except those denoting persons, noun plurals in -s, forms for a possessive (genitive) and an objective

Paneth's Cell

2005-02-14T02:50:00.000-08:00

Bahamas, The

2005-02-13T17:17:00.000-08:00

Officially �Commonwealth of the Bahamas, � archipelago and state on the northwestern edge of the West Indies. The group occupies an irregular submarine tableland that rises out of the Atlantic depths and is separated from nearby lands to the south and west by deepwater channels. Lying to the north of Cuba and Hispaniola, the archipelago comprises nearly 700 islands and cays, only about 30 of which are inhabited,

Qina

2005-02-13T08:57:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Qena, � muhafazah (governorate) in Upper Egypt, extending 3 - 4 miles (5 - 6 km) on each side of the Nile River between the Arabian and Libyan deserts. Occupying the great bend in the Nile Valley, it has an area of 715 square miles (1,851 square km) and contains the celebrated ruins of Thebes and the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings. Qina has a dense agricultural population (more than 3,000 persons per square mile),

Bahar, Muhammad Taqi

2005-02-12T19:54:00.000-08:00

Bahar succeeded his father, Saburi, as court poet of the reigning monarch, Mozaffar od-Din Shah (reigned 1896 - 1907). Gradually, however, Bahar broke away from the court and became a sympathizer with the revolution. As editor of a liberal democratic newspaper in Mashhad, and later in

Telephone And Telephone System

2005-02-12T01:20:00.000-08:00

Facsimile, or fax, refers to the transmission of text or fixed images and drawings by wire or radio channels. Fax permits the transmission of a mix of documents - including handwriting, graphs, pictures, and maps - that often cannot be transmitted at all over other communications media. Although the concepts of fax were developed in the 19th century using contemporary

Koch, Frederick Henry

2005-02-11T21:54:00.000-08:00

Koch received his B.A. from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1900 and his M.A. from Harvard University in 1909. In 1905 he began teaching at the University of North Dakota, forming the Dakota Playmakers in 1910. Called to the University

Saalfelden

2005-02-11T19:26:00.000-08:00

Also called �Saalfelden Am Steinernen Meer, � town, Bundesland (federal province) Salzburg, west central Austria, at the southwest foot of the Steinernes Meer (Sea of Stones) Mountains, near the Saalach River southwest of Salzburg. An old market town, it is also a winter and summer resort and makes leather goods and beer. There are several castles nearby, including the 14th-century Schloss Lichtenberg. The late Gothic

Aerospace Industry, Civil aircraft

2005-02-10T08:44:00.000-08:00

Builders of civil aircraft comprise two categories: producers of general aviation aircraft and producers of heavy aircraft. General aviation is defined as all aircraft activities not related to military, major airline, or air-cargo flying. It includes light planes and helicopters used for private pleasure flying, personal transportation, corporate travel,

Koch, Frederick Henry

2005-02-10T01:22:00.000-08:00

Hugh The Great

2005-02-09T03:43:00.000-08:00

Son of a king (Robert I), father of another (Hugh Capet), and brother-in-law of three more (Rudolf of France, Athelstan of England, and Otto of Germany),

Minehead

2005-02-08T16:01:00.000-08:00

Town (�parish�), West Somerset district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, England. The town owes its origin and growth to its harbour. Minehead was first incorporated in 1558. Its older buildings include St. Michael's Church (1450), the almshouses (1630), the old manor office, and the 17th-century cottages along Quay Street. The present harbour was built in 1616. Minehead's trade with

Ikeya-seki, Comet

2005-02-08T14:47:00.000-08:00

One of a group of Sun-grazing comets having similar orbits and including the great comet known as 1882 II. Discovered Sept. 18, 1965, by two Japanese amateur astronomers, Ikeya Kaoru and Seki Tsutomu, Ikeya-Seki made its closest approach to the Sun (470,000 kilometres, or about 290,000 miles; less than the Sun's radius) on Oct. 21, 1965. The comet was then bright enough to be seen with the naked eye in daylight. Like

Boise

2005-02-07T09:49:00.000-08:00

Boise was named by early 19th-century French-Canadian trappers for the tree-lined river (French bois�, �wooded

Austin, Stephen

2005-02-07T05:21:00.000-08:00

Raised on the Missouri frontier, Austin was educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Ky., and served in the Missouri territorial legislature (1814 - 19). The economic panic of 1819 led his father, Moses Austin

Lippisch, Alexander M(artin)

2005-02-06T14:16:00.000-08:00

Lippisch designed the world's first successful rocket-propelled airplane (a tailless glider fitted with two solid-fuel rockets, flown June 11, 1928, in the Rh�n Mountains,

Turgay Valley

2005-02-06T01:20:00.000-08:00

Kazak �Torghay� depression in western Kazakstan. Some 12 - 125 miles (20 - 200 km) wide, it runs roughly north-south for about 375 miles (600 km) through the middle of the Torghay Plateau. It was formed by a caving-in of the ancient foundation, and in the Ice Age, water flowed along it from the West Siberian Plain to the Turan Plain. Today it contains a chain of fresh and saline lakes, with the Ubagan River flowing north

Religion

2005-02-05T14:51:00.000-08:00

The year 1993 began amid the turmoil generated by the destruction on Dec. 6, 1992, of the medieval mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, by Hindu militants, who believed the building was originally an ancient Hindu temple marking the birthplace of the god Rama. The ensuing bloody clashes between Hindus and Muslims throughout the nation claimed at least 2,000 lives within a few weeks, most

Abu Simbel

2005-02-05T13:14:00.000-08:00

Also spelled� Abu Sunbul�

Peter I

2005-02-04T18:22:00.000-08:00

As successor to his saintly but inept uncle Sava, Peter became the reigning prince in theocratic Montenegro in 1782 and was consecrated bishop two years later. To cement relations with Russia, always a potential

Tasmania, Settlement patterns

2005-02-04T08:21:00.000-08:00

The inhospitable terrain of much of Tasmania naturally has had much influence on settlement patterns. The nomadic original Tasmanians have left a few archaeological traces, including geometric designs on exposed rock surfaces and evidence of cremations and corroborees, or ceremonial gatherings. European settlers have left their imprint according to economic

Rathbone, Basil

2005-02-03T03:28:00.000-08:00

Upon graduating from Repton school in England in 1910, Rathbone made his stage debut in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew in 1911. A number of other Shakespearean roles followed, as well as a part in a London production

Yakima

2005-02-03T02:04:00.000-08:00

Although culturally much like other Sahaptin Indians of the Plateau, the Yakima acquired historical distinction in the Yakima Indian Wars (1855 - 58), a failed attempt by

Ankobra

2005-02-02T19:37:00.000-08:00

River in southern Ghana, western Africa. Rising northeast of Wiawso, it flows about 120 miles (190 km) south to the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic) just west of Axim, commercial centre of the river basin. Its chief tributaries are the Mansi and the Bonsa rivers, and much of its basin is shared with the Tano River to the west. There are rapids in the upper reaches, but the Ankobra is navigable

Athens

2005-02-02T19:07:00.000-08:00

Araki Sadao

2005-02-01T20:10:00.000-08:00

Japanese general, statesman, and a leader of the Kodo-ha (Imperial Way) faction, an ultranationalistic group of the 1930s. He strongly advocated the importance of character building through rigid mental and physical discipline, whereas the dominant Toseiha (Control) faction emphasized the importance of modernization along with

Macdonald, John D.

2005-02-01T11:55:00.000-08:00

After MacDonald graduated from Syracuse (New York) University (B.S., 1938) and Harvard Graduate School of Business (M.B.A., 1939), he served in World

Indexation

2005-01-31T22:43:00.000-08:00

In fiscal policy, a means of offsetting the effect of inflation or deflation on social security payments and taxes by measuring the �real value� of money from a fixed point of reference, usually a price index. Without indexing, recipients of social security benefits, for example, would suffer during times of inflation if their benefits remained at a fixed rate. Indexation

Schaffner, Franklin (james)

2005-01-31T20:33:00.000-08:00

The son of Protestant American missionaries, Schaffner lived in the United States after the age of five and attended Franklin

Moscoso, Mireya

2005-01-30T16:39:00.000-08:00

Moscoso was born to a poor family in a rural town. After graduating from high school, she worked as a secretary and in the early 1960s met Arnulfo Arias, a former president of Panama. She began working on his political campaigns, and on October 1, 1968, he was reelected. When he was deposed nine days later

Smith, Bessie

2005-01-30T16:19:00.000-08:00

Smith grew up in poverty and obscurity. She may have made a first public appearance at the age of eight or nine at the Ivory Theatre in her hometown. About 1919 she was discovered by Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, one of the first of the great blues singers, from whom she received some

Armlet

2005-01-29T23:23:00.000-08:00

Several fine examples of armlets are included in the Oxus treasure, a collection of Persian

Gyges

2005-01-29T09:55:00.000-08:00

According to all the ancient sources, Gyges came to the throne after slaying King Candaules and marrying his queen, but there are several versions of the event itself. Herodotus wrote that Candaules, who was inordinately proud of

Anisian Stage

2005-01-28T20:41:00.000-08:00

Lowermost of two divisions of the Middle Triassic Series, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during Anisian time (242 million to 234 million years ago) in the Triassic Period. The stage name is derived from an area of limestone formations along the Anisus River at Grossreifling in the Austrian Alps. The Anisian Stage is subdivided, in ascending order, into the

Wells, Dicky

2005-01-28T04:53:00.000-08:00

Wells began playing trombone in his youth in Louisville, Ky., and at about age 20 he moved to New York City, becoming a member of the Lloyd Scott band. He became noted for his playing while a member of New

Frame Design

2005-01-27T14:21:00.000-08:00

Decorative treatment of frames for mirrors and pictures. Before the 15th century in Europe, frames hardly existed separately from their architectural setting and, with the altarpieces or the predellas they surrounded, formed an integral part of the decorative scheme of the church interior. Such frames were frequently burnished with gold leaf. During the 15th century,

Wild Cucumber

2005-01-27T07:27:00.000-08:00

The wild cucumber has three to seven sharply lobed leaves; forked, coiled tendrils; six-petaled white flowers; and a fleshy, oval, four-seeded fruit that is covered with prickles. It is frequently planted to cover

East Dunbartonshire

2005-01-26T10:14:00.000-08:00

Council area, west-central Scotland. East Dunbartonshire's largest towns, Bearsden and Milngavie in the southwest and Kirkintilloch in the southeast, lie within the historic county of Dunbartonshire. The council area also includes a small area in the south around the town of Bishopbriggs in the historic county of Lanarkshire and a more extensive area in the northeast

Ribalta, Francisco

2005-01-26T08:47:00.000-08:00

Spanish painter who was one of the first artists to be influenced by the new realism initiated by Caravaggio in Italy. Ribalta's use of light and shadow to give solidity to his forms made him the first native Spanish tenebroso (a painter who emphasizes darkness rather than light), and he was a major influence on later Spanish

Dachau

2005-01-25T11:13:00.000-08:00

Dachau is situated on a hill, on the summit of which are the castle of the Wittelsbachs and a parish church (1625). The city's picturesque natural setting has long attracted landscape painters.

R�o De La Plata, Viceroyalty Of The

2005-01-25T00:55:00.000-08:00

Spanish �Virreinato Del R�o De La Plata, � the final of the four viceroyalties that Spain created during its colonization of Central and South America. Including the territory now comprising Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia, the new viceroyalty (established in 1776) controlled an area previously under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The decision to create a fourth viceroyalty was a

Gatlinburg

2005-01-24T20:26:00.000-08:00

City, Sevier county, eastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Knoxville, at the northwestern entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. English and Scotch-Irish settlers began to arrive along the Little Pigeon River about 1795; by 1835 the settlement was called White Oak Flats. It was renamed in 1860 for Radford Gatlin, who opened a store there in 1855. In an American

Raby, Al

2005-01-24T18:11:00.000-08:00

Raby, a grade-school dropout, taught himself to read when he was a teenager. He later graduated from Chicago Teachers College (1960) and attended the University of Chicago

Nara Period

2005-01-23T16:03:00.000-08:00

(AD 710 - 784), in Japanese history, period in which the imperial government was at Nara, and Sinicization and Buddhism were most highly developed. Nara, the country's first permanent capital, was modeled on the Chinese T'ang dynasty (618 - 907) capital, Ch'ang-an. Nara artisans produced refined Buddhist sculpture and erected grand Buddhist temples. A network of roads connected the capital

Turkish Bath

2005-01-23T08:33:00.000-08:00

Kind of bath that originated in the Middle East and combines exposure to warm air, then steam or hot-air immersion, massage, and finally a cold-water bath or shower. The Turkish bath typically requires movement from one room or chamber to the next. Separate wash rooms and soaking pools may be included in the bath building, as are dressing and rest rooms. The Turkish bath

Arenig Series

2005-01-22T05:18:00.000-08:00

Also called �Arenigian Series, � the second of six divisions (in ascending order) constituting the Ordovician System, representing all those rocks deposited worldwide during the Arenigian Age (488 to 478 million years ago). The series' name is derived from the Arenig mountains in Gwynedd county in North Wales, which serve as the type area in Great Britain for rocks of this age. Welsh rock strata belonging